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The Action Potential

(Media Resources)

Action Potential Recording
(Animation and Illustration)

Action potential: animated recording

Animation and Illustration (Labeled and Unlabeled)
(1125px X 1700px)

Terms of Use

Axon Membrane Proteins
(Illustration)

Axon membrane showing embedded protein channels and pumps

Illustration (Labeled and Unlabeled)
(1125px X 1450px)

Terms of Use

Voltage-gated Channel States
(Illustrations)

Axon membrane showing embedded protein channels and pumps

Illustration (Labeled and Unlabeled)
(1125px X 1450px)

Terms of Use

Action Potential: Initiation Phase
(Animation and Illustrations)

Action potential - initiation phase
Voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channel - open state
Voltage-gated Na+ channels start converting to an open state (activation gates begin to open; inactivation gates remain closed).
Voltage-gated  potassium (K+)  channel - closed state
Voltage-gated K+ channels remain mostly in a closed state (gates closed).

Animation and Illustrations (Labeled and Unlabeled)
(1125px X 1700px / 1125px X 450px)

Terms of Use

Action Potential: Depolarization Phase
(Animation and Illustrations)

Action potential - deploarization phase
Voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channel - open state
Voltage-gated Na+ channels continue to convert to an open state.
Voltage-gated  potassium (K+)  channel - open state
Voltage-gated K+ channels increasing converted to an open state (gates open).

Animation and Illustrations (Labeled and Unlabeled)
(1125px X 1700px / 1125px X 450px)

Terms of Use

Action Potential: Depolarization Peak Phase
(Animation and Illustrations)

Action potential: peak of depolarization phase
Voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channel - inactivated state
Voltage-gated Na+ channels convert to an inactivated state (inactivation gates close).
Voltage-gated  potassium (K+)  channel - open state
Voltage-gated K+ channels are mostly in an open state (gates open).

Animation and Illustrations (Labeled and Unlabeled)
(1125px X 1700px / 1125px X 450px)

Terms of Use

Action Potential: Repolarization Phase
(Animation and Illustrations)

Action potential: repolarization phase
Voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channel - inactivated state
Voltage-gated Na+ channels remain in an inactivated state (inactivation gates closed).
Voltage-gated  potassium (K+)  channel - open state
Voltage-gated K+ channels mostly remain in an open state (gates opened).

Animation and Illustrations (Labeled and Unlabeled)
(1125px X 1700px / 1125px X 450px)

Terms of Use

Action Potential: Hyperpolarization Phase
(Animation and Illustrations)

Action potential: hyperpolarization phase
Voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channel - closed state
Voltage-gated Na+ channels start converting to a closed state (activation gates close; inactivation gates open).
Voltage-gated  potassium (K+)  channel - closed state
Voltage-gated K+ channels mostly enter a closed state (gates closed) after a delay.

Illustrations (Labeled and Unlabeled)
(1125px X 1700px / 1125px X 450px)

Terms of Use

Action Potential: Restoration Phase
(Animation and Illustrations)

Action potential: return to resting potential
Voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channel - closed state
Voltage-gated Na+ channels mostly convert to a closed state (activation gates close; inactivation gates open).5

Voltage-gated  potassium (K+)  channel - closed state
Voltage-gated K+ channels mostly remain a closed state (gates closed) after a delay.

Illustrations (Labeled and Unlabeled)
(1125px X 1700px / 1125px X 450px)

Terms of Use

Action Potential Refractory Periods
(Illustration)

Action potential - refractory periods

With and Without Axon (Labeled and Unlabeled)
(1125px X 1700px / 1125px X 900px)

Terms of Use

All-or-None Principle
(Learning    Activity)

Terms of Use